Sharp wave ripples (SPW‐Rs) represent the most synchronous population pattern in the
mammalian brain. Their excitatory output affects a wide area of the cortex and several …

Background Neuroplasticity refers to the inherently dynamic biological capacity of the central
nervous system (CNS) to undergo maturation, change structurally and functionally in …

Spanning functions from the simplest reflex arc to complex cognitive processes, neural
circuits have diverse functional roles. In the cerebral cortex, functional domains such as …

Vulnerable periods during the development of the nervous system are sensitive to
environmental insults because they are dependent on the temporal and regional emergence …

Ionic currents and the network-driven patterns they generate differ in immature and adult
neurons: The develo** brain is not a “small adult brain.” One of the most investigated …

The role of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as a signal in animals has been documented for
over 60 years. In contrast, evidence that GABA is a signal in plants has only emerged in the …

In the immature brain, GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) is excitatory, and GABA-releasing
synapses are formed before glutamatergic contacts in a wide range of species and …

Programmed cell death (apoptosis) occurs during normal development of the central
nervous system. However, the mechanisms that determine which neurons will succumb to …

The hippocampus is one of a group of remarkable structures embedded within the brain's
medial temporal lobe. Long known to be important for memory, it has been a prime focus of …

The highly disagreeable sensation of pain results from an extraordinarily complex and
interactive series of mechanisms integrated at all levels of the neuroaxis, from the periphery …