Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES)—an experimental technique based
on the photoelectric effect—is arguably the most powerful method for probing the electronic …

In this review we describe the development of photoemission spectroscopy (PES) from the
first historic observations of the photoelectric effect by Hertz and Hallwachs to state-of-the-art …

Lifted Kramers spin degeneracy (LKSD) has been among the central topics of condensed-
matter physics since the dawn of the band theory of solids,. It underpins established practical …

The coupling of the spin of electrons to their motional state lies at the heart of recently
discovered topological phases of matter. Here we create and detect spin-orbit coupling in an …

Helical Dirac fermions—charge carriers that behave as massless relativistic particles with an
intrinsic angular momentum (spin) locked to its translational momentum—are proposed to …

A topological insulator protected by time-reversal symmetry is realized via spin–orbit
interaction-driven band inversion. The topological phase in the Bi1− x Sb x system is due to …

A topologically ordered material is characterized by a rare quantum organization of
electrons that evades the conventional spontaneously broken symmetry–based …

This book emerged from a close collaboration of the authors which started in the fall of 2000.
Early that year one of us (JS) had joined the Stanford faculty after spending nearly 15 years …

The recently discovered three-dimensional or bulk topological insulators are expected to
exhibit exotic quantum phenomena. It is believed that a trivial insulator can be twisted into a …

We report a Rashba spin splitting of a two-dimensional electron gas in the topological
insulator Bi 2 Se 3 from angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. We further …