Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS) is a chronic pain syndrome that mainly affects middle-
aged/old women with hormonal changes or psychological disorders. This condition is …

Co-contraction and overflow of EMG activity of inappropriate muscles are typical features of
all dystonic movements whether voluntary or involuntary. Voluntary movements are slow …

The pathophysiology of dystonia has been best studied in patients with focal hand dystonia.
A loss of inhibitory function has been demonstrated at spinal, brainstem and cortical levels …

Photophobia is a common yet debilitating symptom seen in many ophthalmic and neurologic
disorders. Despite its prevalence, it is poorly understood and difficult to treat. However, the …

Transcranial magnetic stimulation has been used in a double pulse paradigm to investigate
the excitability of intrinsic motor cortical circuits in 15 patients with focal task specific dystonia …

Forty years ago, CD Marsden proposed that blepharospasm should be considered a form of
adult‐onset focal dystonia. In the present paper, we provide a comprehensive overview of …

The natural history and response to different treatments have been evaluated in 264 patients
with blepharospasm. The mean age of onset was 55.8 years and there was a female …

To review the literature on primary dystonia and dystonia plus and to provide evidence‐
based recommendations. Primary dystonia and dystonia plus are chronic and often …

Reciprocal inhibition of H reflexes in the forearm flexor muscles was examined in a group of
16 patients with writer's and other occupational cramps. The early disynaptic phase of …

The blink reflex (BR) is a generalised phenomenon in mammals. Its teleological protective
eye function is perhaps the reason why the BR can be provoked by a multitude of stimuli. As …