The global carbon budget is, of course, balanced. The conservation of carbon and the first
law of thermodynamics are intact.“Balancing the carbon budget” refers to the state of the …

Soil organic matter (SOM) is an important natural resource. It is fundamental to soil and
ecosystem functions across a wide range of scales, from site-specific soil fertility and water …

Climate models have continued to be developed and improved since the AR4, and many
models have been extended into Earth System models by including the representation of …

The increasing complexity of Earth system models has inspired efforts to quantitatively
assess model fidelity through rigorous comparison with best available measurements and …

Quantifying the responses of the coupled carbon and water cycles to current global warming
and rising atmospheric CO2 concentration is crucial for predicting and adapting to climate …

This report is the first complete assessment of the science of climate change since Working
Group I (WGI) of the IPCC produced its second report Climate Change 1995: The Science of …

How do we explain the remarkably abrupt changes that sometimes occur in nature and
society--and can we predict why and when they happen? This book offers a comprehensive …

We use a newly developed technique that is based on the information flow concept to
investigate the causal structure between the global radiative forcing and the annual global …

Biological soil crusts (biocrusts)—communities of mosses, lichens, cyanobacteria, and
heterotrophs living at the soil surface—are fundamental components of drylands worldwide …

The interactions between environmental change and human societies have a long, complex
history spanning many millennia, but these have changed fundamentally in the last century …