Optogenetic techniques have been developed to allow control over the activity of selected
cells within a highly heterogeneous tissue, using a combination of genetic engineering and …

Optogenetics ushered in a revolution in how neuroscientists interrogate brain function.
Because of technical limitations, the majority of optogenetic studies have used low spatial …

Chronic, pathological pain remains a global health problem and a challenge to basic and
clinical sciences. A major obstacle to preventing, treating, or reverting chronic pain has been …

Recent progress in fluorescence imaging allows neuroscientists to observe the dynamics of
thousands of individual neurons, identified genetically or by their connectivity, across …

Sensory processing in the neocortex requires both feedforward and feedback information
flow between cortical areas. In feedback processing, higher-level representations provide …

The use of optogenetic stimulation to evoke neuronal activity in targeted neural populations—
enabled by opsins with fast kinetics, high sensitivity and cell-type and subcellular specificity …

We developed a new way to engineer complex proteins toward multidimensional
specifications using a simple, yet scalable, directed evolution strategy. By robotically picking …

Neural activities can be modulated by leveraging light-responsive nanomaterials as
interfaces for exerting photothermal, photoelectrochemical or photocapacitive effects on …

Current electrophysiological or optical techniques cannot reliably perform simultaneous
intracellular recordings from more than a few tens of neurons. Here we report a …

A longstanding goal in neuroscience has been to image membrane voltage across a
population of individual neurons in an awake, behaving mammal. Here we describe a …