BACKGROUND Ever since Edward Tolman's proposal that comprehensive cognitive maps
underlie spatial navigation and, more generally, psychological functions, the question of …

Humans and animals use mental representations of the spatial structure of the world to
navigate. The classical view is that these representations take the form of Euclidean …

The'cognitive map'hypothesis proposes that brain builds a unified representation of the
spatial environment to support memory and guide future action. Forty years of …

" Our thoughts are meaningful. We think about things in the outside world; how can that be
so? This is one of the deepest questions in contemporary philosophy. Ever since …

Highlights•Research on episodic future thinking has increased dramatically during the past
decade.•Cognitive studies have begun to separate the contributions of episodic retrieval …

Since the first place cell was recorded and the cognitive-map theory was subsequently
formulated, investigation of spatial representation in the hippocampal formation has evolved …

It has been hypothesized that the brain organizes concepts into a mental map, allowing
conceptual relationships to be navigated in a manner similar to that of space. Grid cells use …

The mammalian hippocampal formation contains several distinct populations of neurons
involved in representing self-position and orientation. These neurons, which include place …

Several types of neurons involved in spatial navigation and memory encode the distance
and direction (that is, the vector) between an agent and items in its environment. Such …

Searching for food, friends, and mates often begins with an airborne scent. Importantly, odor
concentration rises with physical proximity to an odorous source, suggesting a framework for …