Diabetic retinopathy, characterized as a microangiopathy and neurodegenerative disease,
is the leading cause of visual impairment in diabetic patients. Many clinical features …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a leading cause of vision loss and blindness worldwide, is
caused by retinal neurovascular unit dysfunction, and its cellular pathology involves at least …

Pericytes are specialized cells located in close proximity to endothelial cells within the
microvasculature. They play a crucial role in regulating blood flow, stabilizing vessel walls …

In the early stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR), diabetes-related hyperglycemia directly
inhibits the AKT signaling pathway by increasing oxidative stress or inhibiting growth factor …

Diabetic retinopathy has a high probability of causing visual impairment or blindness
throughout the disease progression and is characterized by the growth of new blood vessels …

Macrophages/microglia are immune system defense and homeostatic cells that develop
from bone marrow progenitor cells. According to the different phenotypes and immune …

Microglia are the primary resident retinal macrophages that monitor neuronal activity in real-
time and facilitate angiogenesis during retinal development. In certain retinal diseases, the …

At present, diabetes mellitus (DM) has been one of the most endangering healthy diseases.
Current therapies contain controlling high blood sugar, reducing risk factors like obesity …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a prevalent complication of diabetes, significantly impacting
patients' quality of life due to vision loss. No pharmacological therapies are currently …

Ischemic stroke results in demyelination that underlies neurological disfunction. Promoting
oligodendrogenesis will rescue the injured axons and accelerate remyelination after stroke …