This review summarizes the brain mechanisms controlling sleep and wakefulness.
Wakefulness promoting systems cause low-voltage, fast activity in the …

Histamine is a transmitter in the nervous system and a signaling molecule in the gut, the
skin, and the immune system. Histaminergic neurons in mammalian brain are located …

Sleep researchers in different disciplines disagree about how fully dreaming can be
explained in terms of brain physiology. Debate has focused on whether REM sleep …

Several theories claim that dreaming is a random by-product of REM sleep physiology and
that it does not serve any natural function. Phenomenal dream content, however, is not as …

The histaminergic system in the brain is a phylogenetically old group of neurons that project
to most of the central nervous system. It holds a key position in the regulation of basic body …

Histamine-releasing neurons are located exclusively in the TM of the hypothalamus, from
where they project to practically all brain regions, with ventral areas (hypothalamus, basal …

During various states of vigilance, brain oscillations are grouped together through reciprocal
connections between the neocortex and thalamus. The coherent activity in corticothalamic …

Introduction 3. Brainstem arousal systems 3.1. The reticular formation 3.2. The cholinergic
ponto-mesencephalic neurons 3.3. The noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons 3.4. The …

The neurobiology of sleep and substance abuse interconnects, such that alterations in one
process have consequences for the other. Acute exposure to drugs of abuse disrupts sleep …

The basal forebrain constitutes the ventral extra-thalamic relay from the brainstem activating
system to the cerebral cortex. Cholinergic neurons form an important contingent of this relay …