Heterogeneity describes the differences among cancer cells within and between tumors. It
refers to cancer cells describing variations in morphology, transcriptional profiles …

For thousands of years, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) has served as a
cell factory for the production of bread, beer, and wine. In more recent years, this yeast has …

Most microbial communities consist of a genetically diverse assembly of different organisms,
and the level of genetic diversity plays an important part in community properties and …

Lymphocytes must adapt to a wide array of environmental stressors as part of their normal
development, during which they undergo a dramatic metabolic remodeling process …

How phosphate levels are detected in mammals is unknown. The bone-derived hormone
fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) lowers blood phosphate levels by reducing kidney …

Trehalose is a quantitatively important compatible solute and stress protectant in many
organisms, including green algae and primitive plants. These functions have largely been …

INTRODUCTION Metabolism is among the most strongly conserved processes across all
domains of life and is crucial for both bioengineering and disease research, yet we still have …

Metabolism is highly complex and involves thousands of different connected reactions; it is
therefore necessary to use mathematical models for holistic studies. The use of …

A grand challenge of systems biology is to predict the kinetic responses of living systems to
perturbations starting from the underlying molecular interactions. Changes in the nutrient …

Biosynthesis enables renewable production of manifold compounds, yet often biosynthetic
performance must be improved for it to be economically feasible. Nongenetic, cell-to-cell …