BACKGROUND Pathogens cause agricultural devastation and huge economic losses. Up to
30% of our crops are lost before or after harvest to pathogens and pests, wasting water and …

In the 20th century, researchers studying animal and plant signaling pathways discovered a
protein domain that is shared across diverse innate immune systems: the Toll/interleukin …

Plant pathogen–activated immune signaling by nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat
(NLR) receptors with an N-terminal Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain converges on …

INTRODUCTION Discrimination of self from nonself is pivotal for cellular organisms, as it
allows the perception of pathogenic invaders that might otherwise multiply unchecked and …

Summary 2′, 3′-cAMP is a positional isomer of the well-established second messenger
3′, 5′-cAMP, but little is known about the biology of this noncanonical cyclic nucleotide …

Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain proteins function in cell death and immunity. In
plants and bacteria, TIR domains are often enzymes that produce isomers of cyclic …

Background Plants deploy immune receptors to detect pathogen-derived molecules and
initiate defense responses. Intracellular plant immune receptors called nucleotide-binding …

The EDS1 family of structurally unique lipase-like proteins EDS1, SAG101, and PAD4
evolved in seed plants, on top of existing phytohormone and nucleotide-binding–leucine …

Animals and plants have NLRs (nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors) that
recognize the presence of pathogens and initiate innate immune responses. In plants, there …

Nucleotide binding and leucine-rich repeat-containing receptors (NLRs) have a critical role
in plant immunity through direct or indirect recognition of pathogen effectors. Recent studies …