This review paper summarizes current knowledge available for aviation operations related
to meteorology and provides suggestions for necessary improvements in the measurement …

Transportation is affected by weather and extreme weather events, and there is evidence
that heatwaves, heavy precipitation, storms, wildfires, and floods increasingly affect transport …

Our current 1.1 C warmer world is already affecting natural and human systems in Europe
(very high confidence1). Since AR5, there has been a substantial increase in detected or …

When discussing research in physics and in science more generally, it is common to ascribe
equal importance to the three components of the scientific trinity: theoretical, experimental …

Earth's upper-level jet streams influence the speed and direction of travel of weather
systems and commercial aircraft, and are linked to severe weather occurrence. Climate …

While the aviation sector has long been referenced as contributing to the causes of climate
change, the need for aviation to adapt to the consequences of climate change has not been …

Anthropogenic climate change is expected to strengthen the vertical wind shears at aircraft
cruising altitudes within the atmospheric jet streams. Such a strengthening would increase …

Earth's equator-to-pole temperature gradient drives westerly mid-latitude jet streams through
thermal wind balance 1. In the upper atmosphere, anthropogenic climate change is …

Steadily rising mean and extreme temperatures as a result of climate change will likely
impact the air transportation system over the coming decades. As air temperatures rise at …

Major airports are already at risk of coastal flooding. Sea level rise associated with a global
mean temperature rise of 2° C would place 100 airports below mean sea level, whilst 1238 …