Heart failure (HF) is a major health-care problem and the prognosis of affected patients is
poor. HF often coexists with a number of comorbidities of which declining renal function is of …

In light of the outbreak of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), the international
scientific community has joined forces to develop effective treatment strategies. The …

The rapidly evolving pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-
CoV-2) infection worldwide cost many lives. The angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) …

Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) is a family of inducible transcription factors that plays a vital role in
different aspects of immune responses. NF-κB is normally sequestered in the cytoplasm as …

The vascular inflammatory response involves complex interaction between inflammatory
cells (neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages), endothelial cells (ECs), vascular …

Maintenance of blood volume, vascular tone, and hemo-dynamic stability depends on a set
of elegant interactions between the heart and kidney. For some time, physicians have …

Abstract Purpose of Review Mechanisms facilitating progression of hypertension via cross
stimulation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and inflammation have been proposed …

The role of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the progression of chronic kidney
disease The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is a well known regulator of …

There is mounting evidence to support the influence of inflammation in the pathogenesis of
atrial fibrillation (AF). Indeed, AF is associated with increased levels of known inflammatory …

Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a pleiotropic cytokine that becomes elevated in chronic
inflammatory states such as hypertension and diabetes and has been found to mediate both …