Cytokines are critical in regulating immune responses and cellular behavior, playing dual
roles in both normal physiology and the pathology of diseases such as cancer. These …

In one decade, immunotherapy based on immune checkpoint blockades (ICBs) has become
a new pillar of cancer treatment following surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and targeted …

Immunotherapies have revolutionized the treatment paradigms of various types of cancers.
However, most of these immunomodulatory strategies focus on harnessing adaptive …

Regulatory T cells (Tregs), an essential component of the human immune system, are a
heterogeneous group of T lymphocytes with the ability to suppress immune responses and …

The innate immune system serves as the body's first line of defense, utilizing pattern
recognition receptors like Toll‐like receptors to detect pathogens and initiate rapid response …

Advances in melanoma research have unveiled critical insights into its genetic and
molecular landscape, leading to significant therapeutic innovations. This review explores the …

Tumor immunotherapy has garnered considerable attention, emerging as a new standard of
care in cancer treatment. The conventional targets, such as VEGF and EGFR, have been …

Skin psoriasis is defined as receiving external stimulation to activate skin dendritic cells
(DCs) which can release interleukin 23 (IL-23) to interlink the innate and adaptive immunity …

Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most prevalent malignancies in males worldwide.
Increasing research attention has focused on the PCa microenvironment, which plays a …

The programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) signaling pathway, a key player in immune checkpoint
regulation, has become a focal point in cancer immunotherapy. In the context of cancer …