This study provides a comprehensive and quantitative estimate of how global temperatures
have changed during the last 540 million years. It combines paleotemperature …

Ikaite is a metastable calcium carbonate hexahydrate (CaCO3· 6H2O), which naturally
occurs in environments characterized by temperatures of− 2 to+ 7° C. It is therefore …

The breakup of the former Pangea supercontinent culminated in the modern drifting
continents. Increased rifting caused the establishment of the Atlantic Ocean in the middle …

Climate change is a critical factor affecting biodiversity. However, the quantitative
relationship between temperature change and extinction is unclear. Here, we analyze …

The oxygen isotope compositions of carbonate and phosphatic fossils hold the key to
understanding Earth-system evolution during the last 500 million years. Unfortunately, the …

A compilation of foraminiferal stable isotope measurements from southern high latitude
(SHL) deep-sea sites provides a novel perspective important for understanding Earth's …

Abstract The Cretaceous Period (145 to 66 Ma) was a prolonged warmhouse to hothouse
period characterized by high atmospheric CO 2 conditions, elevated surface temperatures …

The early Eocene (56 to 48 million years ago) is inferred to have been the most recent time
that Earth's atmospheric CO 2 concentrations exceeded 1000 ppm. Global mean …

The latitudinal temperature gradient is a fundamental state parameter of the climate system
tied to the dynamics of heat transport and radiative transfer. Thus, it is a primary target for …

Global mean sea level is a key component within the fields of climate and oceanographic
modelling in the Anthropocene. Hence, an improved understanding of eustatic sea level in …