This paper is the 28th consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning
the endogenous opioid system, now spanning over a quarter-century of research. It …

The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) represents the prototype of ligand-gated ion
channels. It is vital for neuromuscular transmission and an important regulator of …

Snake venoms have components with diverse biological actions that are extensively studied
to identify elements that may be useful in biomedical sciences. In the field of autoimmunity …

Crotalphine is a structural analogue to a novel analgesic peptide that was first identified in
the crude venom from the South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus. Although …

Snake venom is a blend of bioactive proteins, polypeptides, and various other substances
with toxic and lethal properties that are known to modulate varied physiological and …

Water-extracted arabinoxylan (WEAX) can form covalent hydrogels and has potential
applications in colon-targeted drug delivery. However, it is not clear which structural …

Physalia physalis, commonly known as the Portuguese Man o'War, is one of the most
venomous members of the Cnidaria yet is poorly understood. This article investigates the …

Naja naja atra venom (NNAV) is composed of various proteins, peptides, and enzymes with
different biological and pharmacological functions. A number of previous studies have …

Snakebite envenoming (SBE) remains a severely neglected public health issue, particularly
affecting tropical and subtropical regions, with Africa experiencing an estimated 435,000 to …

Animal venom and plant extracts have been used since ancient times in traditional medicine
worldwide. Natural components, valued for their safety and effectiveness, have been …