Introduction Drug-induced parkinsonism (DIP) and tardive dyskinesia (TD) are stigmatizing
movement disorders associated with exposure to dopamine receptor blocking agents such …

Methods We searched Medline and Embase for the period 1980-98 using the key terms
extrapyramidal syndromes, dyskinesia, dystonia, movement disorders, side effects, and …

Background Up to 50% of patients with schizophrenia are suffering from motor
abnormalities, which may contribute to decreased quality of life, impaired work capacity, and …

The clinical picture, risk factors and natural history of tardive dystonia resulting from
dopamine-receptor antagonist (DRA) treatment in 107 patients (57 male and 50 female) …

Background Antipsychotic medication is effective for symptomatic treatment in schizophrenia-
spectrum disorders. After symptom remission, continuation of antipsychotic treatment is …

Guidelines for schizophrenia treatment have been created in various countries and have
been translated and used in Japan as well. However, the available drugs and their …

OBJECTIVE: Since most of the world's schizophrenia patients are treated with conventional
antipsychotics, the authors evaluated various methods for establishing the prevalence of …

Background Psychotropic drugs are prescribed to approximately 30–40% of adults with
intellectual disability (ID) and challenging behaviour, despite the limited evidence of …

Abstract Background Simpson-Angus Scale (SAS) is an established instrument for
neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism (NIP), but its statistical properties have been studied …

Background: Antipsychotic drugs have revolutionized the management of psychosis.
Unfortunately, these drugs may cause a variety of distressing acute and delayed movement …