When stimuli from the environment are perceived to be a threat or potential threat then
animals initiate stress responses, with activation of the hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal axis …

Birds are constantly responding to stimuli from their environment. When these stimuli are
perceived as threatening, stress responses are initiated, with activation of the hypothalamo …

The assumption that the acute response to stress is adaptive is pervasive in the literature,
but there is little direct evidence regarding potential positive fitness consequences of an …

Fluctuations in abiotic and biotic conditions exist in almost all habitats (Dunlap, Loros, &
DeCoursey, 2004; Stevenson et al., 2015). Some fluctuations like the alternation between …

In this perspective paper, we emphasize the importance that integrative mechanisms, and
especially the GC (glucocorticoid) stress response, can play in the ability of vertebrates to …

In vertebrates, stressors such as starvation or predator attacks stimulate the rapid elevation
of circulating glucocorticoid hormones, triggering physiological and behavioral responses …

Behavior of wild vertebrate individuals can vary in response to environmental or social
factors. Such within-individual behavioral variation is often mediated by hormonal …

When vertebrate physiological ecologists use the terms 'stress' or 'physiological stress', they
typically mean the level of hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA-) axis activation …

Twenty years ago, Albert Bennett published a paper in the influential book New directions in
ecological physiology arguing that individual variation was an 'underutilized resource'. In …

Short-term elevation of circulating glucocorticosteroids (GCs) in vertebrates facilitates the
adoption of a distinct emergency life history state, which allows individuals to cope with …