Soilless cultivation is recognized globally for its ability to support efficient and intensive plant
production. While production systems vary, most utilize a porous substrate or growing …

As the world's population is increasing exponentially, human diets have changed to less
healthy foods resulting in detrimental health complications. Increasing vegetable intake by …

Vegetable and ornamental crops require high input demand to adequately support their
standard commercial quality and yield. For these crops, a very high level of agronomic use …

Green walls offer multiple benefits to urban environments, but they are major water
consumers and not optimal for use in dry climates. If green walls were engineered to treat …

Pesticides are an important part of crop production worldwide, however their use poses a
threat to potable water sources. Seasonal use of pesticides can cause increased …

Soilless culture is emerging as a popular tool to grow agricultural and horticultural crops in
open systems, closed systems, protected cultivation, vertical farming, and soil affected or …

Portland cement (PC) is known for its environmental and technical concerns and massive
energy consumption during manufacturing. Geopolymer cement is a promising technology …

Purpose New environmental strategies are emerging for cities to become more self-
sufficient, such as hydroponic crop production. The implementation of such systems requires …

Bio-based lightweight aggregates are a novel type of lightweight aggregates. The use of
plant-based aggregates in concrete effectively decreases its bulk density, the environmental …

Internal green wall systems can be combined with building structures to bring positive
impacts on people's quality of life in interior spaces. However, obtaining green wall systems …