Early adolescent substance use dramatically increases the risk of lifelong substance use
disorder (SUD). An adolescent sensitive period evolved to allow the development of risk …

The develo** brains of young children are highly sensitive to input from their social
environment. Nurturing social experience during this time promotes the acquisition of social …

Cues associated with rewards, such as food or drugs of abuse, can themselves acquire
motivational properties. Acting as incentive stimuli, such cues can exert powerful control …

If reward-associated cues acquire the properties of incentive stimuli they can come to
powerfully control behavior, and potentially promote maladaptive behavior. Pavlovian …

The role of dopamine in reward is a topic of debate. For example, some have argued that
phasic dopamine signaling provides a prediction‐error signal necessary for stimulus …

Structured abstract Background The distinction between extrinsic and intrinsic rewards and
their related motivations has been a major concern in educational psychology for decades …

As evidenced through classic Pavlovian learning mechanisms, environmental cues can
become incentivized and influence behavior. These stimulus-outcome associations are …

When exposed to the sights, sounds, smells and/or places that have been associated with
rewards, such as food or drugs, some individuals have difficulty resisting the temptation to …

Conditioned stimuli (CSs) come to act as motivational magnets following repeated
association with unconditioned stimuli (UCSs) such as sucrose rewards. By traditional …

Animals vary considerably in the degree to which they attribute incentive salience to cues
predictive of reward. When a discrete cue (conditional stimulus) is repeatedly paired with …