Because of the compartmentalization of disciplines that shaped the academic landscape of
biology and biomedical sciences in the past, physiological systems have long been studied …

Cytokines are proteins secreted in the central nervous system by neurons, microglia,
astrocytes and infiltrating peripheral immune cells under physiological and pathological …

The study of inflammation in fear-and anxiety-based disorders has gained interest as
growing literature indicates that pro-inflammatory markers can directly modulate affective …

Cytokines are key regulatory mediators involved in the host response to immunological
challenges, but also play a critical role in the communication between the immune and the …

A fundamental shift in neuroscience suggests bidirectional interaction of gut microbiota with
the healthy and dysfunctional brain. This microbiota-gut-brain axis has mainly been …

Over the past two decades it became evident that the immune system plays a central role in
modulating learning, memory and neural plasticity. Under normal quiescent conditions …

Abstract Lynch, MA. Long-Term Potentiation and Memory. Physiol Rev 84: 87–136, 2004;
10.1152/physrev. 00014.2003.—One of the most significant challenges in neuroscience is to …

Objective: Although postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) often complicates recovery
from major surgery, the pathogenic mechanisms remain unknown. We explored whether …

A consequence of normal aging is a greater susceptibility to memory impairments following
an immune challenge such as infection, surgery, or traumatic brain injury. The …

Background Infectious, autoimmune, and neurodegenerative diseases are associated with
profound psychological disturbances. Studies in animals clearly demonstrate that cytokines …