Ocean acidification may have severe consequences for marine ecosystems; however,
assessing its future impact is difficult because laboratory experiments and field observations …

CO2 released from combustion of fossil fuels equilibrates among the various carbon
reservoirs of the atmosphere, the ocean, and the terrestrial biosphere on timescales of a few …

Several major economies rely heavily on fossil fuel production and exports, yet current low-
carbon technology diffusion, energy efficiency and climate policy may be substantially …

A geologically rapid Neoproterozoic oxygenation event is commonly linked to the
appearance of marine animal groups in the fossil record. However, there is still debate about …

Climate models have continued to be developed and improved since the AR4, and many
models have been extended into Earth System models by including the representation of …

Abstract The Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum,(PETM) was a global warming event
that occurred about 56 million years ago, and is commonly thought to have been driven …

The responses of carbon dioxide (CO 2) and other climate variables to an emission pulse of
CO 2 into the atmosphere are often used to compute the Global Warming Potential (GWP) …

The partial pressure of oxygen in Earth's atmosphere has increased dramatically through
time, and this increase is thought to have occurred in two rapid steps at both ends of the …

Chemical breakdown of rocks, weathering, is an important but very slow part of the carbon
cycle that ultimately leads to CO 2 being locked up in carbonates on the ocean floor. Artificial …

An “offline” approach to DA is used, where static ensemble samples are drawn from existing
CMIP climate‐model simulations to serve as the prior estimate of climate variables. We use …