Evolution is the hallmark of life. Descriptions of the evolution of microorganisms have
provided a wealth of information, but knowledge regarding “what happened” has precluded …

Predicting the effects of mutations in proteins is critical to many applications, from
understanding genetic disease to designing novel proteins to address our most pressing …

Synonymous mutations in protein-coding genes do not alter protein sequences and are thus
generally presumed to be neutral or nearly neutral,,,–. Here, to experimentally verify this …

The ability to accurately model the fitness landscape of protein sequences is critical to a
wide range of applications, from quantifying the effects of human variants on disease …

With the molecular revolution in Biology, a mechanistic understanding of the genotype–
phenotype relationship became possible. Recently, advances in DNA synthesis and …

Understanding and predicting the functional consequences of single amino acid changes is
central in many areas of protein science. Here, we collect and analyze experimental …

To deal with the huge number of novel protein‐coding variants identified by genome and
exome sequencing studies, many computational variant effect predictors (VEPs) have been …

Gene-environment interactions have long been theorized to influence molecular evolution.
However, the environmental dependence of most mutations remains unknown. Using deep …

Enzymes can evolve new catalytic activity when environmental changes present them with
novel substrates. Despite this seemingly straightforward relationship, factors other than the …

Protein stability plays a crucial role in a variety of applications, such as food processing,
therapeutics, and the identification of pathogenic mutations. Engineering campaigns …