Why do humans believe in moralizing gods? Leading accounts argue that these beliefs
evolved because they help societies grow and promote group cooperation. Yet recent …

Punishment, as an incentive mechanism, was normally carried out with a certain fixed
probability in previous studies. But in a real legal society, recidivists are punished more than …

In the spatial public goods game (SPGG), social exclusion is an effective strategy to quickly
promote group cooperation. However, the second-order free riding occurs among …

Ecology and evolution are inherently linked, and studying a mathematical model that
considers both holds promise of insightful discoveries related to the dynamics of …

Second-order free riders, who do not owe punishment cost to first-order free riders in public
goods games, lead to low cooperation. Previous studies suggest that for stable cooperation …

Extensive cooperation among biologically unrelated individuals is uniquely human. It would
be surprising if this uniqueness were not related to other uniquely human characteristics, yet …

Cooperation in social dilemmas can be sustained if individuals are effectively rewarded or
punished from peers within the group. However, as group size increases, we inevitably face …

Mechanisms and conditions for the spontaneous emergence of cooperation in multi-player
social dilemma games remain an open question. This paper focuses on stochastic …

Centralized sanctioning in social dilemmas has been shown to increase efficiency with
respect to standard decentralized peer punishment. In this context, we explore the impact of …

Restoration of rivers is important because they provide many ecosystem services. However,
full restoration is costly, and with limited resources, the priority of the different elements of a …