Do forced assimilation policies always succeed in integrating immigrant groups? This article
examines how a specific assimilation policy—language restrictions in elementary school …

Religious freedom has become an emblematic value in the West. Embedded in constitutions
and championed by politicians and thinkers across the political spectrum, it is to many an …

Abstract Historically, European Jews have specialized in financial services while being the
victims of antisemitism. We find that the present-day demand for finance is lower in German …

Abstract We study the Black Death pogroms to shed light on the factors determining when a
minority group will face persecution. Negative shocks increase the likelihood that minorities …

This paper studies the effects of threat on convergence to local culture and economic
assimilation of refugees, exploiting plausibly exogenous variation in their allocation across …

Can forced assimilation policies successfully integrate immigrant groups? As cross-border
migration surges, more countries must grapple with this question. A rich theoretical literature …

Persecution, pogroms, and genocide have plagued humanity for centuries, costing millions
of lives and haunting survivors. Economists and economic historians have recently made …

We estimate the push and pull factors involved in the outmigration of Jews facing
persecution in Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1941. Our empirical investigation makes use of a …

Do economic downturns encourage racist attitudes? Does this in-turn lead to worse labour
market outcome for minorities? We assess these important questions using British attitude …

The establishment of the Nuremberg Laws was a defining moment in history, as the
embodiment of state-sponsored, sanctioned and enforced hate, religious discrimination …