Pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a group of
diverse molecules that are induced by phytopathogens as well as defense related signaling …

Manganese (Mn) is an essential micronutrient with many functional roles in plant
metabolism. Manganese acts as an activator and co-factor of hundreds of metalloenzymes …

The functions of iron, manganese, copper, zinc, nickel, molybdenum, boron, and chlorine in
plants are discussed. Iron (Fe) plays a crucial role in redox systems in cells and various …

Active oxygen species (AOS) are believed to have important roles in plants in general and in
plant—pathogen interactions in particular. They are believed to be involved in signal …

▪ Abstract Rapid generation of superoxide and accumulation of H2O2 is a characteristic
early feature of the hypersensitive response following perception of pathogen avirulence …

Plants are constantly being challenged by aspiring pathogens, but disease is rare. Why?
Broadly, there are three reasons for pathogen failure. Either (1) the plant is unable to support …

As plants are confined to the place where they grow, they have to develop a broad range of
defence responses to cope with pathogenic infections. The oxidative burst, a rapid, transient …

The novel classes of plant pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins identified during the last
decade also include novel peptide families. This review specifically focuses on these …

Transposon inactivation of Arabidopsis MAP kinase 4 produced the mpk4 mutant exhibiting
constitutive systemic acquired resistance (SAR) including elevated salicylic acid (SA) levels …

We investigated how salicylic acid (SA) enhances H2O2 and the relative significance of SA-
enhanced H2O2 in Arabidopsis thaliana. SA treatments enhanced H2O2 production, lipid …