The initiation of osteogenesis primarily occurs as mesenchymal stem cells undergo
differentiation into osteoblasts. This differentiation process plays a crucial role in bone …

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are multi-functional growth factors belonging to the
Transforming Growth Factor-Beta (TGF-β) superfamily. These proteins are essential to many …

Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) is currently the only Food and Drug Administration
(FDA)-approved osteoinductive growth factor used as a bone graft substitute. However, with …

Bones as an alive organ consist of about 70% mineral and 30% organic component. About
200 million people are suffering from osteopenia and osteoporosis around the world. There …

Adipogenesis is the process by which precursor stem cells differentiate into lipid laden
adipocytes. Adipogenesis is regulated by a complex and highly orchestrated gene …

Fucoidan is a natural derived compound found in different species of brown algae and in
some animals, that has gained attention for its anticancer properties. However, the exact …

The communication of cells with their surroundings is mostly encoded in the epitopes of
structural and signalling proteins present in the extracellular matrix (ECM). These peptide …

The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an essential mechanism in embryonic
development and tissue repair. EMT also contributes to the progression of disease …

Glucosinolates (GSL) are naturally occurring β-d-thioglucosides found across the
cruciferous vegetables. Core structure formation and side-chain modifications lead to the …

One of the most promising areas in the therapeutics for metabolic diseases centers around
activation of the pathways of energy expenditure. Brown adipose tissue is a particularly …