BACKGROUND Earth system models (ESMs) simulate physical, chemical, and biological
processes that underlie climate and are the most complex in a hierarchy of models of Earth's …

This is a review about the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), its mean
structure, temporal variability, controlling mechanisms, and role in the coupled climate …

This chapter assesses simulations of future global climate change, spanning time horizons
from the near term (2021–2040), mid-term (2041–2060), and long term (2081–2100) out to …

Past research argues for an internal multidecadal (40-to 60-year) oscillation distinct from
climate noise. Recent studies have claimed that this so-termed Atlantic Multidecadal …

Working Group I (WGI) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assesses
the current evidence on the physical science of climate change, evaluating knowledge …

Climate models have continued to be developed and improved since the AR4, and many
models have been extended into Earth System models by including the representation of …

Between about 1998 and 2012, a time that coincided with political negotiations for
preventing climate change, the surface of Earth seemed hardly to warm. This phenomenon …

The focus of the great majority of climate change impact studies is on changes in mean
climate. In terms of climate model output, these changes are more robust than changes in …

This chapter assesses the scientific literature describing expectations for near-term climate
(present through mid-century). Unless otherwise stated," near-term" change and the …

Spatiotemporal data mining (STDM) discovers useful patterns from the dynamic interplay
between space and time. Several available surveys capture STDM advances and report a …