The discontinuity of the canopy habitat is one of the principle differences between the
terrestrial and arboreal environments. An animal's ability to cross gaps—to move from one …

Thermal Infrared (TIR) drones are emerging as effective tools for wildlife ecology monitoring
and are increasingly employed in primate surveys. However, systematic methods for …

Aim Limb reduction is a dramatic evolutionary transition, yet whether it is achieved in similar
trajectories across clades, and its environmental drivers, remain unclear. We investigate the …

Across tetrapods, the proportional lengths of the manual and pedal phalanges are highly
constrained, following a generalized blueprint of shortening in a proximodistal gradient …

In terrestrial quadrupeds where the forelimbs are habitually used to push against the
substrate, the ulna is subjected to cranial bending and develops a caudal curvature. During …

Selective pressures favor morphologies that are adapted to distinct ecologies, resulting in
trait partitioning among ecomorphotypes. However, the effects of these selective pressures …

Climbing animals theoretically should optimize the energetic costs of vertical climbing while
also maintaining stability. Many modifications to climbing behaviors have been proposed as …

Simple Summary Positional behaviors comprise the entirety of animals' locomotion and
posture. Often, these positional behaviors are paired with information about sußbstrate …

Hominoids exhibit a strikingly diverse set of locomotor adaptations—including knuckle-
walking, brachiation, quadrumanuous suspension, and striding bipedalism—while also …

Arm-swinging is a locomotor mode observed only in primates, in which the hindlimbs no
longer have a weight bearing function and the forelimbs must propel the body forward and …