Tremendous strides have been made in our understanding of the neurobiological substrates
of memory–the so-called memory “engram”. Here, we integrate recent progress in the …

Stroke induces a plastic state in the brain. This period of enhanced plasticity leads to the
sprouting of new axons, the formation of new synapses and the remap** of sensory-motor …

While initial encoding of contextual memories involves the strengthening of hippocampal
circuits, these memories progressively mature to stabilized forms in neocortex and become …

Episodic memory reflects the ability to recollect the temporal and spatial context of past
experiences. Episodic memories depend on the hippocampus but have been proposed to …

The distinction between episodic and semantic memory was first proposed in 1972 by Endel
Tulving and is still of central importance in cognitive neuroscience. However, data obtained …

Modern optogenetics can be tuned to evoke activity that corresponds to naturally occurring
local or global activity in timing, magnitude or individual-cell patterning. This outcome has …

What happens to memories as days, weeks and years go by has long been a fundamental
question in neuroscience and psychology. For decades, researchers have attempted to …

Over the past 10 years, the development and convergence of microbial opsin engineering,
modular genetic methods for cell-type targeting and optical strategies for guiding light …

The ability to form precise, episodic memories develops with age, with young children only
able to form gist-like memories that lack precision. The cellular and molecular events in the …

The adaptive regulation of fear memories is a crucial neural function that prevents
inappropriate fear expression. Fear memories can be acquired through contextual fear …