The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a complex and dynamic organelle that regulates many
cellular pathways, including protein synthesis, protein quality control, and lipid synthesis …

The maintenance of glucose homeostasis is fundamental for survival and health. Diabetes
develops when glucose homeostasis fails. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by insulin …

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by inappropriately elevated glucose
levels as a result of impaired pancreatic β cell function and insulin resistance. Extensive …

Chronic, unresolved tissue inflammation is a well-described feature of obesity, type 2
diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and other insulin-resistant states. In this context, adipose tissue …

Insulin, a hormone produced by pancreatic β-cells, has a primary function of maintaining
glucose homeostasis. Deficiencies in β-cell insulin secretion result in the development of …

Significance: The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a specialized organelle for the folding and
trafficking of proteins, which is highly sensitive to changes in intracellular homeostasis and …

Free fatty acids (FFAs) are important substrates for mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and
ATP synthesis but also cause serious stress to various tissues, contributing to the …

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is increasing worldwide, a consequence of the
alarming rise in obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Oxidative stress and inflammation …

Insulin synthesis in pancreatic β‐cells is initiated as preproinsulin. Prevailing glucose
concentrations, which oscillate pre‐and postprandially, exert major dynamic variation in …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) functions to properly fold and process secreted and
transmembrane proteins. Environmental and genetic factors that disrupt ER function cause …