Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death for women worldwide. The
heterogeneity of this disease presents a big challenge in its therapeutic management …

Over the past two decades, elucidation of the genetic defects that underlie cancer has
resulted in a plethora of novel targeted cancer drugs. Although these agents can initially be …

Doxorubicin (DOX) constitutes the major constituent of anti-cancer treatment regimens
currently in clinical use. However, the precise mechanisms of DOX's action are not fully …

Background Immunotherapy has recently emerged as a treatment strategy which stimulates
the human immune system to kill tumor cells. Tumor immunotherapy is based on immune …

Breast cancer heterogeneity determines cancer progression, treatment effects, and
prognosis. However, the precise mechanism for this heterogeneity remains unknown owing …

The progression of cancer involves a critical step in which malignant cells escape from
control by the immune system. Antineoplastic agents are particularly efficient when they …

Tumour heterogeneity and a long-standing paucity of effective therapies other than
chemotherapy have contributed to triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) being the subtype …

The main breakthrough in tumor immunotherapy was the discovery of immune checkpoint
(IC) proteins, which act as a potent suppressor of the immune system by a myriad of …

Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has heralded a new era in cancer therapy. Research
into the mechanisms underlying response to ICB has predominantly focused on T cells; …

Immunogenic cell death (ICD), which results from insufficient cellular adaptation to specific
stressors, occupies a central position in the development of novel anticancer treatments …