The interplay between the commensal microbiota and the mammalian immune system
development and function includes multifold interactions in homeostasis and disease. The …

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) characterized by the expression of the master transcription factor
forkhead box protein p3 (Foxp3) suppress anticancer immunity, thereby hindering protective …

The intestine harbours a complex array of microorganisms collectively known as the gut
microbiota. The past two decades have witnessed increasing interest in studying the gut …

The gut microbiota, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, viruses and phages, inhabits the
gastrointestinal tract. This commensal microbiota can contribute to the regulation of host …

Objective Programmed death 1 and its ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) immunotherapy is promising
for late-stage lung cancer treatment, however, the response rate needs to be improved. Gut …

Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Research on IBDs has identified disrupted
immune responses in the gastrointestinal mucosa and putative disruptions in the gut …

The metabolic pathways encoded by the human gut microbiome constantly interact with host
gene products through numerous bioactive molecules. Primary bile acids (BAs) are …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic immune-mediated disease affecting the
gastrointestinal tract. IBD consists of 2 subtypes: ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease. IBD is …

The mammalian intestine is colonized by trillions of microorganisms that have co-evolved
with the host in a symbiotic relationship. The presence of large numbers of symbionts near …

Food components in our diet provide not only necessary nutrients to our body but also
substrates for the mutualistic microbial flora in our gastrointestinal tract, termed the gut …