Major psychiatric illnesses such as mood disorders and schizophrenia are chronic, recurrent
mental illnesses that affect the lives of millions of individuals. Although these disorders have …

Here we discuss the role of diverse environmental manipulations affecting cognition with
special regard to psychiatric conditions. We present evidence supporting a direct causal …

Depressive disorders are heterogeneous diseases, and the complexity of symptoms has led
to the formulation of several aethiopathological hypotheses. This heterogeneity may account …

Depression is a chronic, recurring, and serious mood disorder that afflicts up to 20% of the
global population. The monoamine hypothesis has dominated our understanding of the …

Background Bipolar disorder (BD) has substantial morbidity and incompletely understood
neurobiological underpinnings. Objective To investigate brain chemistry in medication-free …

Mood disorders may be associated with global and regional changes in cerebral blood flow
and metabolism. The accumulated functional neuroimaging findings in mood disorders were …

Although the involvement of genomic factors in bipolar disorder is evident, there are still
many unclear points about its pathophysiology. We proposed the mitochondrial dysfunction …

Athletes, body builders, and military personnel use dietary creatine as an ergogenic aid to
boost physical performance in sports involving short bursts of high-intensity muscle activity …

The measurement of brain metabolites with magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)
provides a unique perspective on the brain bases of neuropsychiatric disorders. As a context …

Background: Recent studies indicate the presence of mitochondrial dysfunction in brains of
subjects with bipolar disorder (BD). Because the mitochondrial electron transport chain is a …