Plant–hummingbird interactions are considered a classic example of coevolution, a process
in which mutually dependent species influence each other's evolution. Plants depend on …

Phytochemical variation among plant species is one of the most fascinating and perplexing
features of the natural world and has implications for both human health and the functioning …

Evolutionary hypotheses to explain the greater numbers of species in the tropics than the
temperate zone include greater age and area, higher temperature and metabolic rates, and …

More than five decades ago, Ehrlich and Raven proposed a revolutionary idea–that the
evolution of novel plant defense could spur adaptive radiation in plants. Despite motivating …

Linking interspecific interactions (eg, mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism) to
macroevolution (evolutionary change on deep timescales) is a key goal in biology. The role …

Species interactions are responsible for many key mechanisms that govern the dynamics of
ecological communities. Variation in the way interactions are organized among species …

Ectomycorrhizal (EcM) symbiosis, a ubiquitous plant–fungus interaction in forests, evolved in
parallel in fungi. Why the evolution of EcM fungi did not necessarily increase ecological …

Viruses must establish an intimate relationship with their hosts and vectors in order to infect,
replicate, and disseminate; hence, viruses can be considered as symbionts with their hosts …

Many plant species produce defensive compounds that are often highly diverse within and
between populations. The genetic and cellular mechanisms by which metabolite diversity is …

Most aspects of the molecular biology of cells involve tightly coordinated intermolecular
interactions requiring specific recognition at the nucleotide and/or amino acid levels. This …