Abstract Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 (GSK3 or GSK-3) is a promiscuous protein kinase and
its phosphorylation of its diverse substrates has major influences on many areas of …

Background For several decades, intermediate metabolism and signal transduction have
been considered two independent entities. On one side stood the catabolic and anabolic …

Microglial phagocytosis is an energetically demanding process that plays a critical role in
the removal of toxic protein aggregates in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent evidence …

Mitochondria are the key source of ATP that fuels cellular functions, and they are also central
in cellular signaling, cell division and apoptosis. Dysfunction of mitochondria has been …

Accumulating evidence reveals that metabolic and cell survival pathways are closely
related, sharing common signaling molecules. Hexokinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of …

The voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1) protein, is an important regulator of
mitochondrial function, and serves as a mitochondrial gatekeeper, with responsibility for …

The mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) is a non-specific pore that opens in
the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) when matrix [Ca 2+] is high, especially when …

Mitochondria are the cells' powerhouse, but also their suicidal weapon store. Dozens of
lethal signal transduction pathways converge on mitochondria to cause the permeabilization …

Cancer is a disease at the cellular level involving heritable disorders in cellular control
mechanism. Cancer cells also need to adapt their metabolism to survive and multiply under …

Antigen-specific memory CD4+ T cells can persist and confer rapid and efficient protection
from microbial reinfection. However, the mechanisms underlying the long-term maintenance …