With an aging population, there is a proportional increase in the prevalence of intervertebral
disc diseases. Intervertebral disc diseases are the leading cause of lower back pain and …

Purpose To present the pathophysiology, biology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and
current treatment options for lumbar disc herniation. Methods A thorough literature search …

Introduction Painful lumbar spinal disorders represent a leading cause of disability in the US
and worldwide. Interventional treatments for lumbar disorders are an effective treatment for …

Intervertebral disk degeneration (IVDD) is a leading cause of disability. The degeneration is
inevitable, and the mechanisms are complex. Current therapeutic strategies mainly focus on …

OBJECTIVE Endoscopic discectomy (ED) has been advocated as a less-invasive alternative
to open microdiscectomy (OM) and tubular microdiscectomy (TM) for lumbar disc …

Study Design: Systematic review. Objective: The authors aimed to systematically compare
the effectiveness and safety of endoscopic discectomy (ED) with non-endoscopic …

BACKGROUND CONTEXT Although open lumbar microdiscectomy (OLMD) is considered to
be the gold standard method for discectomy, recent progress in endoscopic spinal surgery …

Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the learning curve of percutaneous
endoscopic transforaminal discectomy (PETD) and interlaminar unilateral biportal …

Purpose This meta-analysis aims to compare the complication rates of discectomy/
microdiscectomy (OD/MD), microendoscopic discectomy (MED), percutaneous endoscopic …

Stem cell‐based tissue engineering in treating intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is
promising. An appropriate cell scaffold can maintain the viability and function of transplanted …