Kidney diseases have become a global public health problem. The application of kidney‐
targeted drug‐delivery systems in the management of kidney diseases has profound …

Activated signaling cascades in the proximal tubular cells of the kidneys play a crucial role in
the development of tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Inhibition of these signaling cascades with …

Methods and apparatus are provided for renal neuromodulation using a pulsed electric field
to effectuate electroporation or electrofusion. It is expected that renal neuromodulation (eg …

(57) ABSTRACT A method and apparatus for treatment of heart failure, hypertension and
renal failure by stimulating the renal nerve. The goal of therapy is to reduce sympathetic …

Methods and apparatus are provided for non-continuous cir cumferential treatment of a body
lumen. Apparatus may be positioned within a body lumen of a patient and may deliver …

Methods and apparatus are provided for non-continuous circumferential treatment of a body
lumen. Apparatus may be positioned within a body lumen of a patient and may deliver …

Methods and apparatus are provided for intravascularly-in duced neuromodulation or
denervation. Neuromodulation may be achieved via direct and/or via indirect application of …

Methods and apparatus are provided for pulsed electric field neuromodulation via an intra-to-
extravascular approach, eg, to effectuate irreversible electroporation or electrofusion …

Aug. 16, 2007, noW Pat. No. 7,717,948, Which is a(Continued) continuation of application
No. 11/504,117,? led on continuatlon-m-part of apphcation No. 10/408,665,? led on Apr. 8 …

Methods and apparatus are provided for thermally-induced renal neuromodulation.
Thermally-induced renal neuromodulation may be achieved via direct and/or via indirect …