Under physiological conditions, the number and function of microglia—the resident
macrophages of the CNS—is tightly controlled by the local microenvironment. In response to …

Neuroinflammation is central to the common pathology of several acute and chronic brain
diseases. This review examines the consequences of excessive and prolonged …

A cornerstone of modern biomedical research is the use of mouse models to explore basic
pathophysiological mechanisms, evaluate new therapeutic approaches, and make go or no …

Sepsis has been identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a global health
priority. There has been a tremendous effort to decipher underlying mechanisms …

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and the heart failure that often follows, are major causes of
death and disability worldwide. As such, new therapies are required to limit myocardial …

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria is one of the most potent innate
immune-activating stimuli known. Here we review the current understanding of LPS effects …

The influence of microorganisms growing as sessile communities in a large number of
human infections has been extensively studied and recognized for 30–40 years, therefore …

Beyond their important role in hemostasis, platelets play a crucial role in inflammatory
diseases. This becomes apparent during sepsis, where platelet count and activation …

Animal models have historically played a critical role in the exploration and characterization
of disease pathophysiology, target identification, and in the in vivo evaluation of novel …

Endotoxins and exotoxins are among the most potent bacterial inducers of cytokines. During
infectious processes, the production of inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis …