To coordinate, adapt and respond to biological signals, cells convey specific messages to
other cells. An important aspect of cell–cell communication involves secretion of molecules …

Metastasis, a critical phase of tumor progression, remains a primary challenge in treating
cancer and a major cause of cancer mortality. Cell-cell communication via extracellular …

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that contain a specific composition of proteins, lipids,
RNA, and DNA. They are derived from endocytic membranes and can transfer signals to …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogeneous multi-signal messengers that support cancer
growth and dissemination by mediating the tumor-stroma crosstalk. Exosomes are a subtype …

Summary Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), a central regulator for detecting and adapting to
cellular oxygen levels, transcriptionally activates genes modulating oxygen homeostasis …

Tumors are not isolated entities, but complex systemic networks involving cell-cell
communication between transformed and non-transformed cells. The milieu created by …

The tumor microenvironment is a heterogeneous population of cells consisting of the tumor
bulk plus supporting cells. It is becoming increasingly evident that these supporting cells are …

Hypoxia is a remarkable trait of the tumor microenvironment (TME). When facing selective
pressure, tumor cells show various adaptive characteristics, such as changes in the …

Exosomes denote a class of secreted nanoparticles defined by size, surface protein and
lipid composition, and the ability to carry RNA and proteins. They are important mediators of …

Oxygen is essentially required by most eukaryotic organisms as a scavenger to remove
harmful electron and hydrogen ions or as a critical substrate to ensure the proper execution …