Background Chronic pain is defined as pain lasting beyond normal tissue healing time,
generally taken to be 12 weeks. It contributes to disability, anxiety, depression, sleep …

Exercise is considered an important component of effective chronic pain management and it
is well-established that long-term exercise training provides pain relief. In healthy, pain-free …

Exercise and pain neuroscience education (PNE) have both been used as standalone
treatments for chronic musculoskeletal pain. The evidence supporting PNE as an adjunct to …

Background There is an unmet need of pharmacological and non-pharmacological
treatment options for migraine patients. Exercise can be used in the treatment of several …

Centralized pain syndromes are associated with changes within the central nervous system
that amplify peripheral input and/or generate the perception of pain in the absence of a …

Chronic musculoskeletal pain affects more than 20% of the population, leading to high
health care overload and huge spending. The prevalence is increasing and negatively …

In this chapter, we describe the impact and etiology of chronic pain, the associated changes
in the nervous system, and the mechanisms by which exercise may be able to affect and …

Osteoarthritis (OA) has a very high incidence worldwide and has become a very common
joint disease in the elderly. Currently, the treatment methods for OA include surgery, drug …

The main focus for the development of adenosine targets as analgesics to date has been A
1 Rs due to its antinociceptive profile in various preclinical pain models. The usefulness of …

Background In patients with frequent migraine, prophylactic treatments are used. Patients
often request non-pharmacological alternatives. One treatment option can be aerobic …