West Antarctica has formed the tectonically active margin between East Antarctica and the
Pacific Ocean for almost half a billion years, where it has recorded a dynamic history of …

Constraining how much and how fast the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) will change in the
coming decades has recently been identified as the highest priority in Antarctic research …

This report is the first complete assessment of the science of climate change since Working
Group I (WGI) of the IPCC produced its second report Climate Change 1995: The Science of …

Glaciers and Glaciation is the classic textbook for all students of glaciation. Stimulating and
accessible, it has established a reputation as a comprehensive and essential resource. In …

A daptation refers to adjustments in ecological, social, or economic systems in response to
actual or expected climatic stimuli and their effects or impacts. It refers to changes in …

Geophysical measurements can reveal the structures and thermal states of icy ocean
worlds. The interior density, temperature, sound speed, and electrical conductivity thus …

This chapter assesses the current state of knowledge of the rate of change of global-
averaged and regional sea-level in relation to climate change. We focus on the 20th and …

To understand how planet Earth works we study it increasingly as a system–a collection of
interdependent parts or spheres–the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, the cryosphere, the …

This paper presents a comprehensive review and synthesis of ice streams in the Laurentide
Ice Sheet (LIS) based on a new map** inventory that includes previously hypothesised ice …

Large ice sheets actively interact with the rest of the climate system by amplifying, pacing,
and potentially driving global climate change over several time scales. Direct and indirect …