Cancer stem cells (CSCs), a small subset of cells in tumors that are characterized by self-
renewal and continuous proliferation, lead to tumorigenesis, metastasis, and maintain tumor …

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most deadly type of malignant brain tumor, despite extensive
molecular analyses of GBM cells. In recent years, the tumor microenvironment (TME) has …

Diffuse gliomas represent a heterogeneous group of universally lethal brain tumors
characterized by minimally effective genotype-targeted therapies. Recent advances have …

Phenotypic plasticity has emerged as a major contributor to intra-tumoral heterogeneity and
treatment resistance in cancer. Increasing evidence shows that glioblastoma (GBM) cells …

Tumour heterogeneity remains a major challenge in cancer therapy owing to the different
susceptibility of cells to chemotherapy within a solid tumour. Cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) …

Malignant brain tumours are complex ecosystems containing neoplastic and stromal
components that generate adaptive and evolutionarily driven aberrant tissues in the central …

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are tumor cells that have the principal properties of self-renewal,
clonal tumor initiation capacity, and clonal long-term repopulation potential. CSCs reside in …

Glioma stem cells (GSCs) are thought to underlie glioma initiation, evolution, and resistance
to existing therapies. Although functional evidence for GSCs is abundant, tumor …

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly malignant type of primary brain tumor with a high mortality
rate. Although the current standard therapy consists of surgery followed by radiation and …

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), originally identified as osteoinductive components in
extracts derived from bone, are now known to play important roles in a wide array of …