Sunlight drives photosynthesis and associated biological processes, and also influences
inorganic processes that shape Earth's climate and geochemistry. Bacterial solar-to …

Manganese (Mn) oxides have been prevalent on Earth since before the Great Oxidation
Event and the Mn cycle is one of the most important biogeochemical processes on the …

Desert varnish is a dark rock coating that forms in arid environments worldwide. It is highly
and selectively enriched in manganese, the mechanism for which has been a long-standing …

Rock varnish microstratigraphies from Holocene geomorphic and geoarchaeological
features in the Dead Sea basin and Negev Desert of the Middle East record past millennial …

Niobium (Nb) is considered as one of the most immobile elements during supergene
weathering due to its low solubility and the expected resistance of the pyrochlore mineral …

Rock varnish is a thin coating enriched with manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) oxides. The
mineral composition and formation of rock varnish elicit considerable attention from …

Rock varnish is a widespread Mn-rich rock coating commonly developed in arid
environments, but the mechanism for its formation is still under debate. In this study, rock …

Rocks in arid to semi-arid regions all over the world have a naturally occurring coating
called “rock varnish” or “desert varnish” on their surface. These lustrous, black-to-brown …

MacLeod and Fish have recently suggested that there is no adverse impact on the engraved
rock art of Murujuga (the Burrup Peninsula) from industrial pollution. This highly …

Investigators seeking to solve the mystery of rock varnish formation have yet to embrace
hypothesis testing. Thus, this paper presents nine tests that assess the validity of the eight …