Major depressive disorder (MDD) will affect one out of every five people in their lifetime and
is the leading cause of disability worldwide. Nevertheless, mechanisms associated with the …

Depression has become one of the most severe psychiatric disorders and endangers the
health of living beings all over the world. In order to explore the molecular mechanism that …

Downward social mobility is a well-known mental risk factor for depression, but its neural
mechanism remains elusive. Here, by forcing mice to lose against their subordinates in a …

Chronic stress can have lasting adverse consequences in some individuals, yet others are
resilient to the same stressor,. Susceptible and resilient individuals exhibit differences in the …

A major impediment to novel drug development has been the paucity of animal models that
accurately reflect symptoms of affective disorders. In animal models, prolonged social stress …

Life on earth has adapted to the day-night cycle by evolution of internal, so-called circadian
clocks that adjust behavior and physiology to the recurring changes in environmental …

Sex differences have been observed across many psychiatric diseases, especially mood
disorders. For major depression, the most prevalent psychiatric disorder, females show a …

A markedly reduced interest or pleasure in activities previously considered pleasurable is a
main symptom in mood disorder and psychosis and is often present in other psychiatric …

Numerous studies have employed repeated social defeat stress (RSDS) to study the
neurobiological mechanisms of depression in rodents. An important limitation of RSDS …

Historically, preclinical stress studies have often omitted female subjects, despite evidence
that women have higher rates of anxiety and depression. In rodents, many stress …