Tip** elements are components of the Earth system which may respond nonlinearly to
anthropogenic climate change by transitioning toward substantially different long‐term …

Wind-waves have an important role in Earth system dynamics through air–sea interactions
and are key drivers of coastal and offshore hydro-morphodynamics that affect communities …

Climate tip** points occur when change in a part of the climate system becomes self-
perpetuating beyond a warming threshold, leading to substantial Earth system impacts …

In recent decades, the warming in the Arctic has been much faster than in the rest of the
world, a phenomenon known as Arctic amplification. Numerous studies report that the Arctic …

This chapter assesses simulations of future global climate change, spanning time horizons
from the near term (2021–2040), mid-term (2041–2060), and long term (2081–2100) out to …

The sixth assessment report of the IPCC assessed that the Arctic is projected to be on
average practically ice-free in September near mid-century under intermediate and high …

The AR5 concluded that human influence on the climate system is clear, evident from
increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, positive radiative forcing …

Anthropogenic warming has led to an unprecedented year-round reduction in Arctic sea ice
extent. This has far-reaching consequences for indigenous and local communities, polar …

Arctic coastal erosion damages infrastructure, threatens coastal communities and releases
organic carbon from permafrost. However, the magnitude, timing and sensitivity of coastal …

We analyze the polar sea ice distribution and the global sea level pressure (SLP) and
baroclinicity distributions over the “satellite” period of 1979–2020. In the Arctic, there are …