The human body hosts trillions of microorganisms throughout many diverse habitats with
different physico-chemical characteristics. Among them, the oral cavity and the gut harbour …

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), commonly known as endotoxin, is ubiquitous and the most-
studied pathogen-associated molecular pattern. A component of Gram-negative bacteria …

Changes in metabolism of macrophages are required to sustain macrophage activation in
response to different stimuli. We showed that the cytokine TGF-β (transforming growth factor …

This review proposes that lipopolysaccharide (LPS, found in the wall of all Gram-negative
bacteria) could play a role in causing sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD). This is based in …

The concept that chemokines, cytokines and pro-inflammatory mediators act in a co-
ordinated fashion to drive the initiation of the inflammatory reaction is well understood. The …

Background Probiotics are live micro‐organisms that may give a beneficial physiological
effect when administered in adequate amounts. Some trials show that probiotic strains can …

Sepsis remains a common, serious, and heterogeneous clinical entity that is difficult to
define adequately. Despite its importance as a public health problem, efforts to develop and …

The nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing family, pyrin domain-
containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a key regulator of innate immune responses, and its …

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a common clinical disorder that causes substantial health problems
worldwide. An excessive inflammatory response is the central feature of ALI, but the …

The human newborn infant is susceptible to gut inflammatory disorders. In particular, growth-
restricted infants or infants born prematurely may develop a severe form of intestinal …