Therapeutic targeting of immune checkpoints has garnered significant attention in the area
of cancer immunotherapy, in which efforts have focused in particular on cytotoxic T …

The immune system is guided by a series of checks and balances, a major component of
which is a large array of co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory pathways that modulate the host …

Rheumatoid arthritis is characterised by pain, swelling, and destruction of joints, with
resultant disability. Only disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs can interfere with the …

▪ Abstract Autoimmunity is a complex process that likely results from the summation of
multiple defective tolerance mechanisms. The NOD mouse strain is an excellent model of …

Background Effective new therapies are needed for rheumatoid arthritis. Current therapies
target the products of activated macrophages; however, T cells also have an important role …

Members of the CD28 family play important roles in regulating T‐cell functions and share a
common gene structure profile. We have identified VSTM3 as a protein whose gene …

The immunologic specificity of the antigen receptors of T cells and B cells is the result of
random shuffling of the many genes that form the DNA code for the antigen-binding site of …

Engagement of the B7 family of molecules on antigen-presenting cells with their T cell–
associated ligands, CD28 and CD152 (cytotoxic T lymphocyte–associated antigen-4 [CTLA …

Objective To determine the clinical efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of abatacept (CTLA‐
4Ig), a selective costimulation modulator, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) that has …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic, immune-mediated inflammatory disease
associated with decreased life expectancy and quality of life. RA is characterized by chronic …