The long history of life on Earth has unfolded as a cause-and-effect relationship with the
evolving amount of oxygen (O2) in the oceans and atmosphere. Oxygen deficiency …

Abstract The 'Cambrian Explosion'describes the rapid increase in animal diversity and
abundance, as manifest in the fossil record, between~ 540 and 520 million years ago (Ma) …

A new theory about the origins of consciousness that finds learning to be the driving force in
the evolutionary transition to basic consciousness. What marked the evolutionary transition …

Abstract Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs) can have a significant global climatic effect as
monitored by sedimentary trace and isotopic compositions that record paleo …

Sedimentary rocks deposited across the Proterozoic–Phanerozoic transition record extreme
climate fluctuations, a potential rise in atmospheric oxygen or re-organization of the seafloor …

As the search for Earth-like exoplanets gathers pace, in order to understand them, we need
comprehensive theories for how planetary atmospheres form and evolve. Written by two well …

Nitrogen is an essential nutrient for all life on Earth and it acts as a major control on
biological productivity in the modern ocean. Accurate reconstructions of the evolution of life …

Mitochondria continually change shape through the combined actions of fission, fusion, and
movement along cytoskeletal tracks. The lengths of mitochondria and the degree to which …

The rapid increase of carbon dioxide concentration in Earth's modern atmosphere is a
matter of major concern. But for the atmosphere of roughly two-and-half billion years ago …

The snowball Earth hypothesis predicts that low-latitude glaciation lasted millions of years
while CO2 built up to critical levels to culminate in catastrophic deglaciation in a …