Police in the United States stand out in the developed world for their reliance on deadly
force. Other nations in the Americas, however, feature higher or similar levels of fatal police …

Research finds mentally ill persons have higher rates of police contacts, arrests, and
criminal charges for minor offenses and noncriminal behavior. It remains unclear whether …

Objectives Police legitimacy can hinge on what happens in police–civilian encounters, yet
much remains unknown about the socio-psychological processes involved in these bilateral …

Purpose The current study extends the literature on both Gottfredson and Hirschi's (1990)
self-control theory and adolescent police stops by exploring the role of low self-control in the …

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to revisit classic theoretical arguments regarding the
broad effects of civilian demeanor on policing and extend associated findings …

This study is one of the few to investigate correlates of force in the Canadian context. It also
investigates the existence of protective factors that decrease the level of force used by the …

Coercive policing is conducted mostly by means of commands, and officers usually cannot
use force unless they have first issued an order. Yet, despite widespread concern about …

Research on police discretion largely focuses on explaining the arrest disposition, while little
attention is directed to the range of nonarrest decisions within an encounter. The research …

This study examines racial and ethnic disparities in the use of force by the Fairfax County,
VA Police Department using post-Ferguson data and after the adoption of modern training …

Research and news stories document harmful, racialized encounters between campus
police and minoritized populations. However, little is known about how campus police …