To coordinate, adapt and respond to biological signals, cells convey specific messages to
other cells. An important aspect of cell–cell communication involves secretion of molecules …

Oligodendrocytes generate multiple layers of myelin membrane around axons of the central
nervous system to enable fast and efficient nerve conduction. Until recently, saltatory nerve …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, microvesicles, and oncosomes, are nano-
sized particles enclosed by a lipid bilayer. EVs are released by virtually all eukaryotic cells …

Exosomes are nanosized membrane vesicles released by fusion of an organelle of the
endocytic pathway, the multivesicular body, with the plasma membrane. This process was …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) include exosomes and microvesicles and have been shown to
have roles in the CNS ranging from the removal of unwanted biomolecules to intercellular …

Stroke is a leading cause of disability worldwide, and brain injuries devastate patients and
their families, but currently no drugs on the market promote neurological recovery. Limited …

Microglia are ramified cells that exhibit highly motile processes, which continuously survey
the brain parenchyma and react to any insult to the CNS homeostasis. Although microglia …

Mitochondria are fundamental for metabolic homeostasis in all multicellular eukaryotes. In
the nervous system, mitochondria-generated adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is required to …

Exosomes are a class of extracellular vesicles of endocytic origin, which are released by
cells and are accessible in biofluids, such as saliva, urine, and plasma. These vesicles are …

To date, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been extensively investigated as potential
substitutes for cell therapy. Research has suggested their ability to overcome serious risks …